Pauli Exclusion Principle Definition

The Pauli exclusion principle states no two electrons  (or other fermions) can have the identical quantum mechanical state in the same atom  or molecule. In other words, no pair of electrons in an atom can have the same electronic  quantum numbers n, l, ml, and ms. Another way to state the Pauli exclusion principle is to say the total wave function for two identical fermions is antisymmetric if the particles are exchanged. The principle was proposed by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 to describe the behavior of electrons. In 1940, he extended the principle to all fermions in the spin-statistics theorem. Bosons, which are particles with an integer spin, do not follow the exclusion principle. So, identical bosons may occupy the same quantum state (e.g., photons in lasers). The Pauli exclusion principle only applies to particles with a half-integer spin. The Pauli Exclusion Principle and Chemistry In chemistry, the Pauli exclusion principle is used to determine the electron shell structure of atoms. It helps to predict which atoms will share electrons and participate in chemical bonds. Electrons which are in the same orbital have identical first three quantum number. For example, the 2 electrons in the shell of a helium atom are in the 1s subshell with n 1, l 0, and ml 0. Their spin moments cannot be identical, so one is ms -1/2 and the other is ms 1/2. Visually, we draw this as a subshell with 1 up electron and 1 down electron. As a consequence, the 1s subshell can only have two electrons, which have opposite spins. Hydrogen is depicted as having a 1s subshell with 1 up electron (1s1). A helium atom has 1 up and 1 down electron (1s2). Moving on to lithium, you have the helium core (1s2) and then one more up electron that is 2s1. In this way, the electron configuration of the orbitals is written.

Public Land Policy, And The Wilderness Act Of 1964

1. Introduction For the past decades, public land policy debates have intensified among scholars, planners, and policy makers. The root of the debates is a question of which types of public lands management can provide better economic benefits to adjacent regions that are referred to gateway communities. For a long time, resource extractive industries – such as mineral, oil, coal, and timber development sectors - have been a primary growth engine for the economic growth in those communities. However, since the past three decades, several federal land use policies such as the Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960 (Public Law 86-517) and the Wilderness Act of 1964 began to restrict this type of development (Duffy-Deno, 1998; Rasker, 1994). As a result, the restriction of public lands use has been enhanced, and tourism- and service-based development has been promoted. Proponents of protection of public lands have argued that the restrictions on the use of public lands would lead to economic growth by enhancing the amenity value of the locality. For example, protection of public lands provides a variety of natural amenities that can allow local residents and visitors to easily access to recreational opportunities (Cline et al, 2011). Consequently, these characteristics of public lands increase seasonal home ownership and visitors’ expenditures, and thus enhance economic growth in the gateway communities. In contrast, opponents of protection of public lands have argued thatShow MoreRelatedPublic Land Of Public Lands959 Words   |  4 PagesPublic lands that allow us to easily access natural amenities have received more attention recently in the sense that they provide quality of life for residents and recreational opportunities for tourists. These characteristics of public lands provide economic benefits for communities adjacent to public la nds. These communities refer to gateway communities, which have economic ties to public lands and provide necessary services for visitors to public lands (Kurtz, 2010; U.S. House of RepresentativesRead More Wilderness: History and Value Essay3244 Words   |  13 PagesWilderness: History and Value History From the very beginning of this nations history, wilderness has been a fundamental ingredient. The first European settlers found and battled against it upon their arrival. The western explorers and wagon trains sought to wrestle farmland from the wildernesss grip to build cities, farms and homes. It was not until the reality of its finite availability, that it was viewed as anything other than an opponent and menace. These changing attitudes beganRead MoreBuilding Bridges For Environmentalists : The Role Of Diversity2617 Words   |  11 PagesWorld Environmental Movements The passing of the Wilderness Act in 1964 was and still is subject to these same allegations of elitism and supremacy. However, environmentalism manifests itself under many guises, varieties, and circumstances. In 1964, three conditions appear to have collided in American culture resulting in an ultimately successful movement to salvage America’s formerly indomitable frontier, culminating in the passage of the Wilderness Act. The three conditions were â€Å"a society with highly-educatedRead More The Rise of Environmentalism in the United States Essay2098 Words   |  9 Pagesthemselves. With such a high profile, it seems almost unbelievable that there was a time when the word environment was little known or not used. However, the period was not so long ago. Even before World War II nature was referred to as wilderness and wilderness existed to serve humans2. The shift from nature existing to serve humans to humans protecting the environment was not a very complex project, b ut rather one of many small influences and their resulting effects. Hence, the rise of environmentalismRead MoreEnvironmental Issues Of Environmental Justice1746 Words   |  7 Pagestwo different things. One is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. The other is a mixed body of social science literature pertaining to anything from environmental laws to political ecology. Primarily based around the concept of injustices carried out by energy companies, environmental injustice is still a rampantRead MoreChapter 5 8 Essay6131 Words   |  25 Pagesthem during lean times and can enable them in good times to generate wealth to improve their well-being. 2. Compare instrumental value and intrinsic value as they relate to determining the worth of natural species. Where does Leopold’s idea of the land ethic fit into these two categories? A species has instrumental value if its existence or use benefits some other entity. Something has intrinsic value when it has value for its own sake and doesn’t have to be useful to us to possess value. LeopoldRead MoreThe Intellectual Roots Of Modern Day Environmentalism1774 Words   |  8 Pageswere made in the United States to change attitudes, policies, and views regarding the environment. Many trace the intellectual roots of modern-day environmentalism all the way back to the 19th century American writers and philosophers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, most notably the latter’s 1854 work, Walden. President Theodore Roosevelt set aside more public land for national parks than all of his predecessors combined. His policies and views about conservation remained dominate forRead MoreClean Air Act12612 Words   |  51 PagesClean Air Act Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C.  § 7401 et seq.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   -- Enforced by US EPA -- By the end of this lecture you should be able to describe: * The race to laxity * What NAAQS means. * The federal government’s role in cooperative federalism * 7 criteria pollutants * A hazardous pollutant under the CAA * Non-attainment area * Emissions trading programs * Noise pollution under the CAA * The four Class I areas designated by the State of Florida Read MoreEarth Day3310 Words   |  14 Pagesmultiple languages, and set to a universally recognized melody in the public domain, does not appear to have been attempted. The Earth Day Anthem below satisfies these requirements for a universal song associated with Earth Day. Ludwig van Beethovens Ode to Joy melody is already the official anthem of the European Union (in that case purely instrumental without lyrics), the melody is widely recognized and easily performed, in the public domain, and originally composed for voice. Lyrics for the EarthRead MoreCauses of Water Pollution and Cures to Stop It Now10059 Words   |  41 Pagesusing the correct water filter, you can rest assured that you are doing your very best to preserve the health of your family. Water pollution: an introduction Over two thirds of Earths surface is covered by  water; less than a third is taken up by land. As Earths population continues to grow, people are putting ever-increasing pressure on the planets water resources. In a sense, our oceans,  rivers, and other inland waters are being squeezed by human activities—not so they take up less room, but

Apple Inc. Strategic Management Free Essays

Case 10: Apple Computer and Steve P. Jobs (2006) Issue/Problem Identification 1. Apple is known to provide customers with a personal computer revolution that is easy-to-use machine. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Inc. Strategic Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Apple was a success at the beginning period of its production due to marketing and technological innovation and the company has invented. Apple grew quickly as the development of the products increases and the revenue continued to grow. Apple’s business strategy is to focus its products on differentiation by providing a unique product that is impossible to clone and charges its products at a premium price. In 1983, Apple faced a difficulty because PC entered the market and was marketing their products at a low price to its consumers taking some of Apple’s consumers. About two years later, Job resigned and John Sculley became the CEO and Chairman of Apple. With Sculley taking over, Apple increased its sales in the 1990s and was selling more personal computers than any other companies until PCs using Microsoft Windows started to dominate the market. In 1997, Job was replaced back as the CEO and brought its products back to success. 2. One of the major overriding issues in this case deals with the management team. The CEO of Apple was continuingly changing. The result of shifting CEO made Apple unstable. The company was successful at the beginning of the business and after a few years when a new CEO took over, it was faced with a couple issues, and the CEO was replaced once again to bring Apple back to the competitive market. Another major issue to the case includes the late filing of the quarterly report. Apple was warned by NASDAQ of their possibly delisting. Because Apple was having difficulty with their options accounting, the company took more time to figure out what to report for their third quarter. Yet, Apple was not the only company that faced this issue. More than 7,300 companies were also faced with the same issue. 3. The continuingly changing of CEO and the delisting from NASDAQ exchange were not the only two issues that Apple faced. Other related issues include the stock option investigation, the laptop batteries, and making iTunes and iPod player a compatible music player. In 2006, Apple faced an issue on the investigation of irregularities related to the company’s issuance of stock options. The shares of stock fell 3 percent and the investigation was performed. Another related issue was the recall of 1. 8 million laptop batteries. Apple was not the only company who recalled their product; Dell was also faced with the same issue. Furthermore, iTunes was the source that allowed customers to download music if they are using an iPod. IPod was not compatible with any other music player except for iTunes; that created an issue because it limited the customer’s source of downloading music. Stakeholder Analysis and Management Evaluation 1. The stakeholders in this case are Steve Jobs and the other CEO of Apple, the customers, the employees, and the government. Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple, and the rest of the CEO have a hope of earning income from the company. Customers from all over the world purchase products from Apple. As for the employees of Apple, the company cannot function without its employees and these employees receive income from the company. Another stakeholder is the government. Apple has to pay license fees and the government has regulatory authority over the company. 2. The central management decisions were effective at a certain period of time. The company is basely run by Steve Jobs. When Jobs created Apple, the business was a success. After he resigned and passed the CEO position to someone else, the company continued to do well for awhile, but faced a downfall at a point until Jobs came back for the CEO position again. When Jobs was the CEO, the management decisions were effective because the company was creating revenues and the products were attracting to customers. As competitors started to sell similar products, Apple was faced with a few issues since the company chose to differentiate its products by selling its product at a premium price. For Apple to sell its products at a premium price, it must be a trusted and well-known brand. As it is obvious today, Apple has created many loyalty customers. Recommendations and Implementation 1. In order for Apple to create more revenues and continue to stay in business, Apple’s management team should not only depend on Steve Jobs. The management team must work as a team and make sure that the company can still be successful without Steve Jobs. It is true that because of Steve Jobs, Apple has become a successful company but Steve Jobs is not going to be with Apple forever and the management team must take that into consideration and be able to carry on the business without Steve Jobs. 2. Some alternatives include developing new products every so often to attract consumers. Also Case Study will describe why Apple Inc. is a very successful company. Apple is already good at doing this because it is always renovating its products in many different ways whether it is a Mac Book, an iPod, or an iPad to attract its customers and keeping up with the society. This alternative is good for both long-term and short-term. People will continue to trust that the brand is still attracting. 3. Some of the implementation that should be considered is to hire the right people to work for the company; people that will bring new ideas to the company. Because Apple is always developing new products, the company should also continue to ensure that the quality of the products is at its highest level. How to cite Apple Inc. Strategic Management, Essay examples

The Logistics Management

Question: Write an essay on The logistics management. Answer: The logistics management primarily refers to a particular segment of the supply chain management that formulates, executes and controls the efficient, effectual forwards as well as reverse flow along with the storage of products and services. The logistics management also handles the associated information between the different points of production and consumption in order to meet up the necessities of the consumer. The current segment intends to present the background of the report and critically analyses the interfaces, order cycles and the inventory management of G Star Raw along with recommendations for improvement. The present report outlines different principles of logistics management with special orientation to the operations of G Star Raw, a Dutch designer clothing marketer. The company is also commonly known as the Gap Star is founded and headquartered in Amsterdam during the year 1989. The company has adopted the single minded approach that intends to sell the luxury denim for the streets by fusing superior craftsmanship with street level edge in order to generate an advanced sector. In addition to this, G Star Raw has also formulated the strategy for positioning of the raw, unprocessed denim as well as wearable along with attractive material. G Star has flagship outlets in the New York City, San Francisco, Paris, London, Mumbai and many other places across the globe. In all, the company has more than around 6500 point of sale across the world (RAW, 2016). Interfaces Identification of the Functional Areas: The business logistics refers to different functional areas that include the inventory management, purchasing and production, transportation and warehousing. Production The logistic operation planning includes approaches, priorities, progressions as well as resource allocation facilitation for conducting the daily functions (Wisner, Tan, Leong, 2012). The logistics interface associated to the production and marketing can identify with the significance of assimilating the marketing as well as the logistics functions. The theoretical model Construct Model refers to four latent variables that include the internal assimilation in the production logistic interface, internal assimilation in the marketing logistic interface as well as external integration in addition to the performance of the corporations. However, the internal integration or the process of assimilation is said to be associated to the external integration. This complete model consists of the complete model and the measurement part that carries out a simple factor evaluation that can be easily approximated (Simchi-Levi, Bramel, Chen, 2014). The theoretical construct model is also subject to assessment using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), a statistical tool that integrates the measurement model that is the confirmatory factor assessment and the structural model that is the regression or path analysis into a instantaneous statistical examination (Pienaar Vogt, 2012). There is said to be positive association between the logistics production assimilation and external assimilation as per the collaborating relationship model. However, despite the prevalence of the internal and external assimilation association, there exists no causal association between different factors. The current segment can help in understanding the supply chain framework of the clothing company G Star Raw. The supply chain or the logistics structure for production can be described as the procedure within a sector. The primarily purpose of the production logistics is to make it certain that each and every mechanical units as well as the workstation is appropriately fed with suitable product in the correct quantity and quality at the proper point of time (Miller, 2013). The theoretical view of this principle can be comprehended by using the sigmoid curve (Miller, 2013). The sigmoid function essentially refers to the mathematical function that primarily refers to the logistic function that is a bounded differentiable and a real function that can be defined for all real input and has positive derivative at particular point. This curve presents the trajectory of the changes in the organization and involves period of experimentation as well as learning. This period is subsequently fol lowed by growth as well as development. Finally, the entire curve turns downward and it is important to gauge the length and duration of each section of the curve that varies with time (Miller, 2013). Marketing The functional area of marketing can also be illustrated in the light of the supply chain and logistics framework. The marketing of the clothing company G Star Raw also requires a strategic supply chain strategy in place in a bid to cope up with the dynamism of the market, changing demand of the customers and overcoming various challenges posed by the market (Macharis, 2014). The product strategy of G Star Raw also needs to match with the supply chain strategy of the company. The customer orientation as well as the value creation can be regarded as imperative parts of the supply chain strategy. As is correctly mentioned by Macharis (2014), the assimilation of the supply chain strategy that matches with the product type can increase the efficiency of the operations of corporation. In addition to this, it is also important to identify blockages in the supply chain by recognizing the problem and the restructuring the same. Quick identification of the blockages can help in solving the pr oblem and reducing the probabilities of the damages (KolasinÃÅ' ska-Morawska, 2013). Therefore, a supply chain needs to align with the product type in order to increase the efficiency of the operations. In addition to this, the management of G Star Raw can also refer to the model of logistic regression that can be used for the purpose of prediction of the chances of occurrences of a particular event (Kim, 2012). The logistic regression model therefore can therefore make use of different variables that can be either numerical or divisions. The logistic regression can be used extensively for marketing applications that encompasses prediction of the propensity of a consumer to purchase a specific product of the company or else stop a subscription. A positive regression coefficient implies that the risk factor substantially increases the propensity of a particular outcome. Therefore, a large regression coefficient means that risk factor immensely influences the chances of the outcome (Grant, Trautrims, Wong, 2013). On the other hand, a near zero regression coefficient implies that risk factor has very less influence on the chances of that outcome (Grant, Trautrims, Wong, 2013). Order Cycle Analysis of the effectiveness of current order processing system of G Star Raw The order processing system of G Star Raw can be considered to be very simple as well as possible that contains interesting characteristics as well as features that have the need to be illustrated. The diagram below demonstrates the order processingThe order processing system of G Star Raw follows different sorts of relationship that includes one-to-many associations, many-to-one associations, many-to-many relationships (Grant, 2012). A single customer might have multiple orders. The general information about a particular customer can be properly stored in a specific place rather than being repeated in every order. However, from the viewpoint of order there is many to one association with the customer item. The order can be referred to using the customer credit card number, the shipping method that might follow from the order item of the order, product and the quantity of the order (Grant, 2012). The order item can also be linked to the inventory of the product that bears the product name, description and the quantity on hand. The order tag thereafter refers to the tag name and the sort order. Accordingly, the order can be delivered to the customers using the shipping method that checks the customer name, address, state as well as credit rating (GolinÃÅ' ska, 2014). The final relationship in this particular model, several tags can be linked to a specific order and the available tags can be entirely under the control of the user. Recommendation for improvement The order processing system of the company G Star Raw can be changed using the context level model that uses simplified system for order processing (GolinÃÅ' ska, 2014). This particular system refers to five procedures that are listed under the context level dispensation narrative for the particular system. The procedure involves the customer database, the order database, customer and the order (Dou, 2013). In the order processing system, the customer places order that sends message for place order to particular system and right then the company notifies the consumers. The system generates the order and then sends the message for update to the system that in turn passes the same message to the order database of the company (Dethloff et al., 2014). The order necessarily gets updated in the system, order database and the customer database. The context level diagram for the order processing system of G Star Raw can also follow a flow of activities that can be developed for successful accomplishment of the operations of the corporations. The data flows in the order processing system can be related to five external entities that come from and go to different entities (Bowersox, 2013). The data flow system of this particular context level model can be described using the diagram below: The data regarding the customer order, new customer and different item number comes from the customer to the system. Again, the order processing system processes data out of the system to the customers regarding the shipped orders, customer billing statement and the specific item information. Furthermore, the accounting department receives information from the order processing system regarding the accounts receivable report. The warehouse receives the information as regards the order picking list and the order goods. Lastly, the inventory controlled division receives information concerning the back ordered item. The efficient flow of the data ensures effectiveness of the recommended order processing system for the corporation G Star Raw (Dou, 2013). Inventory Management Analysis of the effectiveness of current inventory management of G Star Raw The current inventory management system of G Star Raw mainly refers to a system that primarily encompasses different aspects of handling the firms inventories, purchases, shipping, receivables, monitoring, warehousing and storing, turnover as well as reordering, the operational functions of G Star Raw is performed in proper sequence and in order to get a well managed inventory control procedure. The inventory management system of G Star Raw includes the general ledger, sales, purchases, web viewer and the reports. The data from the system flows in and out the system to form these facets of the procedure (KolasinÃÅ' ska-Morawska, 2013). The general ledger contains information regarding the stock in, stock out and the stock adjustments of G Star Raw. The sales data contains the information concerning the inventory, shipment and the direct sales (Miller, 2013). The purchase section contains information regarding the inventory and the products received at G Star Raw that includes the men and the women products. In addition to this, the system also provides information for the web viewer. However, the stock transaction import enters important information to the inventory system of the corporation. Finally, the system can produce the reports that can produce important information regarding the stock take, transaction report, aging of the inventory, valuation report, edit report, evaluation reports among many others ("Alkhwarizm- Home", 2016). Recommendation for improvement The review process reveals the fact that the productivity of the entire process can increase through the automated system of the inventory management of G Star Raw. The use of the automated system can help in integration of the different systems that includes the inventory control and management process with the processes that include accounting, production and sales (Wisner, Tan, Leong, 2012). Therefore, the management of G Star Raw can also consider the vendor managed inventory system that refers to a particular business model where the buyer provides specific information to the vendor of the product and the supplier provides entire responsibility for maintenance of an approved inventory of the material. This usually happens at the buyers consumption location of G Star Raw and helps in obtainable the optimum stock, lower cost, management of the risks and get faster cash turns. Conclusions The above mentioned report helps in gaining comprehensive understanding regarding the different interfaces of the logistics of G Star Raw. The present report also critically evaluates the interfaces at the functional areas with special references to the theoretical models and concepts. In addition to this, the report also helps in gaining deep insight regarding the order processing system of the company and accordingly prescribes the recommended system for better management of the particular business process. The current segment also presents a detail review of the inventory system of the company and also proposes a better system that can enhance the entire logistics of the corporation. References Bowersox, D. (2013). Supply chain logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Dethloff, J., Haasis, H., Kopfer, H., Kotzab, H., SchoÃÅ'ˆnberger, J. Logistics management. GolinÃÅ' ska, P. Logistics operations, supply chain management and sustainability. Grant, D. (2012). Logistics management. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Grant, D., Trautrims, A., Wong, C. (2013). Sustainable logistics and supply chain management. London: Kogan Page. Kim, H. (2012). Advances in technology and management. Berlin: Springer. KolasinÃÅ' ska-Morawska, K. (2013). Logistics management. Ã…Â oÃÅ' dzÃÅ' : Wydawnictwo SpoÅ‚ecznej Akademii Nauk. Macharis, C. (2014). Sustainable Logistics. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Miller, S. (2013). Logistics management. New Delhi: Random Publications. Pienaar, W. Vogt, J. (2012). Business logistics management. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. RAW, G. (2016). G-Star RAW | G-Star RAW DENIM | Official Online Store. G-star.com. Retrieved 24 May 2016, from https://www.g-star.com Simchi-Levi, D., Bramel, J., Chen, X. The logic of logistics. Wisner, J., Tan, K., Leong, G. (2012). Principles of supply chain management. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Dou, R. (2013). Proceedings of 2012 3rd International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI2012). Berlin: Springer. (2016). Econ.upf.edu. Retrieved 24 May 2016, from https://econ.upf.edu Alkhwarizm- Home. (2016). Alkhwarizm.net. Retrieved 24 May 2016, from https://alkhwarizm.net