Pauli Exclusion Principle Definition

The Pauli exclusion principle states no two electrons  (or other fermions) can have the identical quantum mechanical state in the same atom  or molecule. In other words, no pair of electrons in an atom can have the same electronic  quantum numbers n, l, ml, and ms. Another way to state the Pauli exclusion principle is to say the total wave function for two identical fermions is antisymmetric if the particles are exchanged. The principle was proposed by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 to describe the behavior of electrons. In 1940, he extended the principle to all fermions in the spin-statistics theorem. Bosons, which are particles with an integer spin, do not follow the exclusion principle. So, identical bosons may occupy the same quantum state (e.g., photons in lasers). The Pauli exclusion principle only applies to particles with a half-integer spin. The Pauli Exclusion Principle and Chemistry In chemistry, the Pauli exclusion principle is used to determine the electron shell structure of atoms. It helps to predict which atoms will share electrons and participate in chemical bonds. Electrons which are in the same orbital have identical first three quantum number. For example, the 2 electrons in the shell of a helium atom are in the 1s subshell with n 1, l 0, and ml 0. Their spin moments cannot be identical, so one is ms -1/2 and the other is ms 1/2. Visually, we draw this as a subshell with 1 up electron and 1 down electron. As a consequence, the 1s subshell can only have two electrons, which have opposite spins. Hydrogen is depicted as having a 1s subshell with 1 up electron (1s1). A helium atom has 1 up and 1 down electron (1s2). Moving on to lithium, you have the helium core (1s2) and then one more up electron that is 2s1. In this way, the electron configuration of the orbitals is written.

Public Land Policy, And The Wilderness Act Of 1964

1. Introduction For the past decades, public land policy debates have intensified among scholars, planners, and policy makers. The root of the debates is a question of which types of public lands management can provide better economic benefits to adjacent regions that are referred to gateway communities. For a long time, resource extractive industries – such as mineral, oil, coal, and timber development sectors - have been a primary growth engine for the economic growth in those communities. However, since the past three decades, several federal land use policies such as the Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960 (Public Law 86-517) and the Wilderness Act of 1964 began to restrict this type of development (Duffy-Deno, 1998; Rasker, 1994). As a result, the restriction of public lands use has been enhanced, and tourism- and service-based development has been promoted. Proponents of protection of public lands have argued that the restrictions on the use of public lands would lead to economic growth by enhancing the amenity value of the locality. For example, protection of public lands provides a variety of natural amenities that can allow local residents and visitors to easily access to recreational opportunities (Cline et al, 2011). Consequently, these characteristics of public lands increase seasonal home ownership and visitors’ expenditures, and thus enhance economic growth in the gateway communities. In contrast, opponents of protection of public lands have argued thatShow MoreRelatedPublic Land Of Public Lands959 Words   |  4 PagesPublic lands that allow us to easily access natural amenities have received more attention recently in the sense that they provide quality of life for residents and recreational opportunities for tourists. These characteristics of public lands provide economic benefits for communities adjacent to public la nds. These communities refer to gateway communities, which have economic ties to public lands and provide necessary services for visitors to public lands (Kurtz, 2010; U.S. House of RepresentativesRead More Wilderness: History and Value Essay3244 Words   |  13 PagesWilderness: History and Value History From the very beginning of this nations history, wilderness has been a fundamental ingredient. The first European settlers found and battled against it upon their arrival. The western explorers and wagon trains sought to wrestle farmland from the wildernesss grip to build cities, farms and homes. It was not until the reality of its finite availability, that it was viewed as anything other than an opponent and menace. These changing attitudes beganRead MoreBuilding Bridges For Environmentalists : The Role Of Diversity2617 Words   |  11 PagesWorld Environmental Movements The passing of the Wilderness Act in 1964 was and still is subject to these same allegations of elitism and supremacy. However, environmentalism manifests itself under many guises, varieties, and circumstances. In 1964, three conditions appear to have collided in American culture resulting in an ultimately successful movement to salvage America’s formerly indomitable frontier, culminating in the passage of the Wilderness Act. The three conditions were â€Å"a society with highly-educatedRead More The Rise of Environmentalism in the United States Essay2098 Words   |  9 Pagesthemselves. With such a high profile, it seems almost unbelievable that there was a time when the word environment was little known or not used. However, the period was not so long ago. Even before World War II nature was referred to as wilderness and wilderness existed to serve humans2. The shift from nature existing to serve humans to humans protecting the environment was not a very complex project, b ut rather one of many small influences and their resulting effects. Hence, the rise of environmentalismRead MoreEnvironmental Issues Of Environmental Justice1746 Words   |  7 Pagestwo different things. One is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. The other is a mixed body of social science literature pertaining to anything from environmental laws to political ecology. Primarily based around the concept of injustices carried out by energy companies, environmental injustice is still a rampantRead MoreChapter 5 8 Essay6131 Words   |  25 Pagesthem during lean times and can enable them in good times to generate wealth to improve their well-being. 2. Compare instrumental value and intrinsic value as they relate to determining the worth of natural species. Where does Leopold’s idea of the land ethic fit into these two categories? A species has instrumental value if its existence or use benefits some other entity. Something has intrinsic value when it has value for its own sake and doesn’t have to be useful to us to possess value. LeopoldRead MoreThe Intellectual Roots Of Modern Day Environmentalism1774 Words   |  8 Pageswere made in the United States to change attitudes, policies, and views regarding the environment. Many trace the intellectual roots of modern-day environmentalism all the way back to the 19th century American writers and philosophers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, most notably the latter’s 1854 work, Walden. President Theodore Roosevelt set aside more public land for national parks than all of his predecessors combined. His policies and views about conservation remained dominate forRead MoreClean Air Act12612 Words   |  51 PagesClean Air Act Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C.  § 7401 et seq.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   -- Enforced by US EPA -- By the end of this lecture you should be able to describe: * The race to laxity * What NAAQS means. * The federal government’s role in cooperative federalism * 7 criteria pollutants * A hazardous pollutant under the CAA * Non-attainment area * Emissions trading programs * Noise pollution under the CAA * The four Class I areas designated by the State of Florida Read MoreEarth Day3310 Words   |  14 Pagesmultiple languages, and set to a universally recognized melody in the public domain, does not appear to have been attempted. The Earth Day Anthem below satisfies these requirements for a universal song associated with Earth Day. Ludwig van Beethovens Ode to Joy melody is already the official anthem of the European Union (in that case purely instrumental without lyrics), the melody is widely recognized and easily performed, in the public domain, and originally composed for voice. Lyrics for the EarthRead MoreCauses of Water Pollution and Cures to Stop It Now10059 Words   |  41 Pagesusing the correct water filter, you can rest assured that you are doing your very best to preserve the health of your family. Water pollution: an introduction Over two thirds of Earths surface is covered by  water; less than a third is taken up by land. As Earths population continues to grow, people are putting ever-increasing pressure on the planets water resources. In a sense, our oceans,  rivers, and other inland waters are being squeezed by human activities—not so they take up less room, but

Apple Inc. Strategic Management Free Essays

Case 10: Apple Computer and Steve P. Jobs (2006) Issue/Problem Identification 1. Apple is known to provide customers with a personal computer revolution that is easy-to-use machine. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Inc. Strategic Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Apple was a success at the beginning period of its production due to marketing and technological innovation and the company has invented. Apple grew quickly as the development of the products increases and the revenue continued to grow. Apple’s business strategy is to focus its products on differentiation by providing a unique product that is impossible to clone and charges its products at a premium price. In 1983, Apple faced a difficulty because PC entered the market and was marketing their products at a low price to its consumers taking some of Apple’s consumers. About two years later, Job resigned and John Sculley became the CEO and Chairman of Apple. With Sculley taking over, Apple increased its sales in the 1990s and was selling more personal computers than any other companies until PCs using Microsoft Windows started to dominate the market. In 1997, Job was replaced back as the CEO and brought its products back to success. 2. One of the major overriding issues in this case deals with the management team. The CEO of Apple was continuingly changing. The result of shifting CEO made Apple unstable. The company was successful at the beginning of the business and after a few years when a new CEO took over, it was faced with a couple issues, and the CEO was replaced once again to bring Apple back to the competitive market. Another major issue to the case includes the late filing of the quarterly report. Apple was warned by NASDAQ of their possibly delisting. Because Apple was having difficulty with their options accounting, the company took more time to figure out what to report for their third quarter. Yet, Apple was not the only company that faced this issue. More than 7,300 companies were also faced with the same issue. 3. The continuingly changing of CEO and the delisting from NASDAQ exchange were not the only two issues that Apple faced. Other related issues include the stock option investigation, the laptop batteries, and making iTunes and iPod player a compatible music player. In 2006, Apple faced an issue on the investigation of irregularities related to the company’s issuance of stock options. The shares of stock fell 3 percent and the investigation was performed. Another related issue was the recall of 1. 8 million laptop batteries. Apple was not the only company who recalled their product; Dell was also faced with the same issue. Furthermore, iTunes was the source that allowed customers to download music if they are using an iPod. IPod was not compatible with any other music player except for iTunes; that created an issue because it limited the customer’s source of downloading music. Stakeholder Analysis and Management Evaluation 1. The stakeholders in this case are Steve Jobs and the other CEO of Apple, the customers, the employees, and the government. Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple, and the rest of the CEO have a hope of earning income from the company. Customers from all over the world purchase products from Apple. As for the employees of Apple, the company cannot function without its employees and these employees receive income from the company. Another stakeholder is the government. Apple has to pay license fees and the government has regulatory authority over the company. 2. The central management decisions were effective at a certain period of time. The company is basely run by Steve Jobs. When Jobs created Apple, the business was a success. After he resigned and passed the CEO position to someone else, the company continued to do well for awhile, but faced a downfall at a point until Jobs came back for the CEO position again. When Jobs was the CEO, the management decisions were effective because the company was creating revenues and the products were attracting to customers. As competitors started to sell similar products, Apple was faced with a few issues since the company chose to differentiate its products by selling its product at a premium price. For Apple to sell its products at a premium price, it must be a trusted and well-known brand. As it is obvious today, Apple has created many loyalty customers. Recommendations and Implementation 1. In order for Apple to create more revenues and continue to stay in business, Apple’s management team should not only depend on Steve Jobs. The management team must work as a team and make sure that the company can still be successful without Steve Jobs. It is true that because of Steve Jobs, Apple has become a successful company but Steve Jobs is not going to be with Apple forever and the management team must take that into consideration and be able to carry on the business without Steve Jobs. 2. Some alternatives include developing new products every so often to attract consumers. Also Case Study will describe why Apple Inc. is a very successful company. Apple is already good at doing this because it is always renovating its products in many different ways whether it is a Mac Book, an iPod, or an iPad to attract its customers and keeping up with the society. This alternative is good for both long-term and short-term. People will continue to trust that the brand is still attracting. 3. Some of the implementation that should be considered is to hire the right people to work for the company; people that will bring new ideas to the company. Because Apple is always developing new products, the company should also continue to ensure that the quality of the products is at its highest level. How to cite Apple Inc. Strategic Management, Essay examples

The Logistics Management

Question: Write an essay on The logistics management. Answer: The logistics management primarily refers to a particular segment of the supply chain management that formulates, executes and controls the efficient, effectual forwards as well as reverse flow along with the storage of products and services. The logistics management also handles the associated information between the different points of production and consumption in order to meet up the necessities of the consumer. The current segment intends to present the background of the report and critically analyses the interfaces, order cycles and the inventory management of G Star Raw along with recommendations for improvement. The present report outlines different principles of logistics management with special orientation to the operations of G Star Raw, a Dutch designer clothing marketer. The company is also commonly known as the Gap Star is founded and headquartered in Amsterdam during the year 1989. The company has adopted the single minded approach that intends to sell the luxury denim for the streets by fusing superior craftsmanship with street level edge in order to generate an advanced sector. In addition to this, G Star Raw has also formulated the strategy for positioning of the raw, unprocessed denim as well as wearable along with attractive material. G Star has flagship outlets in the New York City, San Francisco, Paris, London, Mumbai and many other places across the globe. In all, the company has more than around 6500 point of sale across the world (RAW, 2016). Interfaces Identification of the Functional Areas: The business logistics refers to different functional areas that include the inventory management, purchasing and production, transportation and warehousing. Production The logistic operation planning includes approaches, priorities, progressions as well as resource allocation facilitation for conducting the daily functions (Wisner, Tan, Leong, 2012). The logistics interface associated to the production and marketing can identify with the significance of assimilating the marketing as well as the logistics functions. The theoretical model Construct Model refers to four latent variables that include the internal assimilation in the production logistic interface, internal assimilation in the marketing logistic interface as well as external integration in addition to the performance of the corporations. However, the internal integration or the process of assimilation is said to be associated to the external integration. This complete model consists of the complete model and the measurement part that carries out a simple factor evaluation that can be easily approximated (Simchi-Levi, Bramel, Chen, 2014). The theoretical construct model is also subject to assessment using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), a statistical tool that integrates the measurement model that is the confirmatory factor assessment and the structural model that is the regression or path analysis into a instantaneous statistical examination (Pienaar Vogt, 2012). There is said to be positive association between the logistics production assimilation and external assimilation as per the collaborating relationship model. However, despite the prevalence of the internal and external assimilation association, there exists no causal association between different factors. The current segment can help in understanding the supply chain framework of the clothing company G Star Raw. The supply chain or the logistics structure for production can be described as the procedure within a sector. The primarily purpose of the production logistics is to make it certain that each and every mechanical units as well as the workstation is appropriately fed with suitable product in the correct quantity and quality at the proper point of time (Miller, 2013). The theoretical view of this principle can be comprehended by using the sigmoid curve (Miller, 2013). The sigmoid function essentially refers to the mathematical function that primarily refers to the logistic function that is a bounded differentiable and a real function that can be defined for all real input and has positive derivative at particular point. This curve presents the trajectory of the changes in the organization and involves period of experimentation as well as learning. This period is subsequently fol lowed by growth as well as development. Finally, the entire curve turns downward and it is important to gauge the length and duration of each section of the curve that varies with time (Miller, 2013). Marketing The functional area of marketing can also be illustrated in the light of the supply chain and logistics framework. The marketing of the clothing company G Star Raw also requires a strategic supply chain strategy in place in a bid to cope up with the dynamism of the market, changing demand of the customers and overcoming various challenges posed by the market (Macharis, 2014). The product strategy of G Star Raw also needs to match with the supply chain strategy of the company. The customer orientation as well as the value creation can be regarded as imperative parts of the supply chain strategy. As is correctly mentioned by Macharis (2014), the assimilation of the supply chain strategy that matches with the product type can increase the efficiency of the operations of corporation. In addition to this, it is also important to identify blockages in the supply chain by recognizing the problem and the restructuring the same. Quick identification of the blockages can help in solving the pr oblem and reducing the probabilities of the damages (KolasinÃÅ' ska-Morawska, 2013). Therefore, a supply chain needs to align with the product type in order to increase the efficiency of the operations. In addition to this, the management of G Star Raw can also refer to the model of logistic regression that can be used for the purpose of prediction of the chances of occurrences of a particular event (Kim, 2012). The logistic regression model therefore can therefore make use of different variables that can be either numerical or divisions. The logistic regression can be used extensively for marketing applications that encompasses prediction of the propensity of a consumer to purchase a specific product of the company or else stop a subscription. A positive regression coefficient implies that the risk factor substantially increases the propensity of a particular outcome. Therefore, a large regression coefficient means that risk factor immensely influences the chances of the outcome (Grant, Trautrims, Wong, 2013). On the other hand, a near zero regression coefficient implies that risk factor has very less influence on the chances of that outcome (Grant, Trautrims, Wong, 2013). Order Cycle Analysis of the effectiveness of current order processing system of G Star Raw The order processing system of G Star Raw can be considered to be very simple as well as possible that contains interesting characteristics as well as features that have the need to be illustrated. The diagram below demonstrates the order processingThe order processing system of G Star Raw follows different sorts of relationship that includes one-to-many associations, many-to-one associations, many-to-many relationships (Grant, 2012). A single customer might have multiple orders. The general information about a particular customer can be properly stored in a specific place rather than being repeated in every order. However, from the viewpoint of order there is many to one association with the customer item. The order can be referred to using the customer credit card number, the shipping method that might follow from the order item of the order, product and the quantity of the order (Grant, 2012). The order item can also be linked to the inventory of the product that bears the product name, description and the quantity on hand. The order tag thereafter refers to the tag name and the sort order. Accordingly, the order can be delivered to the customers using the shipping method that checks the customer name, address, state as well as credit rating (GolinÃÅ' ska, 2014). The final relationship in this particular model, several tags can be linked to a specific order and the available tags can be entirely under the control of the user. Recommendation for improvement The order processing system of the company G Star Raw can be changed using the context level model that uses simplified system for order processing (GolinÃÅ' ska, 2014). This particular system refers to five procedures that are listed under the context level dispensation narrative for the particular system. The procedure involves the customer database, the order database, customer and the order (Dou, 2013). In the order processing system, the customer places order that sends message for place order to particular system and right then the company notifies the consumers. The system generates the order and then sends the message for update to the system that in turn passes the same message to the order database of the company (Dethloff et al., 2014). The order necessarily gets updated in the system, order database and the customer database. The context level diagram for the order processing system of G Star Raw can also follow a flow of activities that can be developed for successful accomplishment of the operations of the corporations. The data flows in the order processing system can be related to five external entities that come from and go to different entities (Bowersox, 2013). The data flow system of this particular context level model can be described using the diagram below: The data regarding the customer order, new customer and different item number comes from the customer to the system. Again, the order processing system processes data out of the system to the customers regarding the shipped orders, customer billing statement and the specific item information. Furthermore, the accounting department receives information from the order processing system regarding the accounts receivable report. The warehouse receives the information as regards the order picking list and the order goods. Lastly, the inventory controlled division receives information concerning the back ordered item. The efficient flow of the data ensures effectiveness of the recommended order processing system for the corporation G Star Raw (Dou, 2013). Inventory Management Analysis of the effectiveness of current inventory management of G Star Raw The current inventory management system of G Star Raw mainly refers to a system that primarily encompasses different aspects of handling the firms inventories, purchases, shipping, receivables, monitoring, warehousing and storing, turnover as well as reordering, the operational functions of G Star Raw is performed in proper sequence and in order to get a well managed inventory control procedure. The inventory management system of G Star Raw includes the general ledger, sales, purchases, web viewer and the reports. The data from the system flows in and out the system to form these facets of the procedure (KolasinÃÅ' ska-Morawska, 2013). The general ledger contains information regarding the stock in, stock out and the stock adjustments of G Star Raw. The sales data contains the information concerning the inventory, shipment and the direct sales (Miller, 2013). The purchase section contains information regarding the inventory and the products received at G Star Raw that includes the men and the women products. In addition to this, the system also provides information for the web viewer. However, the stock transaction import enters important information to the inventory system of the corporation. Finally, the system can produce the reports that can produce important information regarding the stock take, transaction report, aging of the inventory, valuation report, edit report, evaluation reports among many others ("Alkhwarizm- Home", 2016). Recommendation for improvement The review process reveals the fact that the productivity of the entire process can increase through the automated system of the inventory management of G Star Raw. The use of the automated system can help in integration of the different systems that includes the inventory control and management process with the processes that include accounting, production and sales (Wisner, Tan, Leong, 2012). Therefore, the management of G Star Raw can also consider the vendor managed inventory system that refers to a particular business model where the buyer provides specific information to the vendor of the product and the supplier provides entire responsibility for maintenance of an approved inventory of the material. This usually happens at the buyers consumption location of G Star Raw and helps in obtainable the optimum stock, lower cost, management of the risks and get faster cash turns. Conclusions The above mentioned report helps in gaining comprehensive understanding regarding the different interfaces of the logistics of G Star Raw. The present report also critically evaluates the interfaces at the functional areas with special references to the theoretical models and concepts. In addition to this, the report also helps in gaining deep insight regarding the order processing system of the company and accordingly prescribes the recommended system for better management of the particular business process. The current segment also presents a detail review of the inventory system of the company and also proposes a better system that can enhance the entire logistics of the corporation. References Bowersox, D. (2013). Supply chain logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Dethloff, J., Haasis, H., Kopfer, H., Kotzab, H., SchoÃÅ'ˆnberger, J. Logistics management. GolinÃÅ' ska, P. Logistics operations, supply chain management and sustainability. Grant, D. (2012). Logistics management. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Grant, D., Trautrims, A., Wong, C. (2013). Sustainable logistics and supply chain management. London: Kogan Page. Kim, H. (2012). Advances in technology and management. Berlin: Springer. KolasinÃÅ' ska-Morawska, K. (2013). Logistics management. Ã…Â oÃÅ' dzÃÅ' : Wydawnictwo SpoÅ‚ecznej Akademii Nauk. Macharis, C. (2014). Sustainable Logistics. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Miller, S. (2013). Logistics management. New Delhi: Random Publications. Pienaar, W. Vogt, J. (2012). Business logistics management. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. RAW, G. (2016). G-Star RAW | G-Star RAW DENIM | Official Online Store. G-star.com. Retrieved 24 May 2016, from https://www.g-star.com Simchi-Levi, D., Bramel, J., Chen, X. The logic of logistics. Wisner, J., Tan, K., Leong, G. (2012). Principles of supply chain management. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Dou, R. (2013). Proceedings of 2012 3rd International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI2012). Berlin: Springer. (2016). Econ.upf.edu. Retrieved 24 May 2016, from https://econ.upf.edu Alkhwarizm- Home. (2016). Alkhwarizm.net. Retrieved 24 May 2016, from https://alkhwarizm.net

Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essays - , Term Papers

Hiroshima And Nagasaki Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the untold story Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the untold story On August 6th 1945, the first Atomic Bomb, Little Boy, was dropped on Hiroshima, and three days later on August 9th 1945, the second atomic bomb, Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki, Japans industrial capital. The decision to use the Atomic Bomb against Japan was a poor one considering the damage, the devastation, and the amount of people left dead, injured, or suffering the loss of a family member or a friend, all for the sake of quickly ending the ongoing War. When the Japanese had realized that they were the only ones left in the war, Germany their ally, was already beaten out of the war and all efforts were now concentrated at them, the Japanese began suing for a peaceful end to the war. Apart from the fact that Japan had been suing for a peaceful end to the war, there were a number of alternative routes of action that the Americans had at their fingertips, and could have taken advantage of at a moments notice, which could have possibly saved a lot of lives, both American and Japanese. After analyzing the amount of damage and the amount of lives lost as a result of the dropping of the Atomic Bomb, it becomes evident that dropping the bomb was not worth a quick end to the war. Much of why Japanese surrender took so long to come through reverts back to the Samurai Tradition in Japan. First, the Emperor didnt not intervene in political affairs as he was considered to be above such petty human politics, and second, the Japanese code of honor which puts death before dishonor. The Americans had intercepted messages from the Foreign Minister Togo, to Ambassador Sato expressing the desires of the Emperor for a peaceful end to the war, [h]is Majesty the Emperor, mindful of the fact that the present war daily brings greaterevil and sacrifice upon the peoples of all belligerent powers, desires from his heart thatit may be quickly terminated (Alperovitz 23). The desire of the Emperor for an end to the war never came true until both atomic bombs had been dropped on two of Japans key industrial cities, as the Emperor never formally expressed this desire. In the samurai tradition, the Emperor is held at a God-like status and therefore, is considered above politics, so therefore he never intervenes, and was never expected to intervene in political issues, his role was to sanction decisions made by the Cabinet, whether he personally approved of them or not. For this reason, the Emperor never expressed his desire for peace to the Cabinet; it was an unprecedented act (Long). The retention of the Emperor was crucial to the surrender, as the Japanese believed their Emperor was a god, the heart of the people and the culture (Long). This Japanese belief is a part of a tradition that dates back to 660 B.C. when the first Japanese Emperor, Jimmu, who according to legend was a descendant of the sun god, Amaterasu. So there fore, according to the tradition, the emperor during this time, Hirohito, was said to be a divine bei ng. It is for this reason that the Japanese sued for peace based on the Atlantic Charter of 1941 that was drafted up by Roosevelt and Churchill on August 4th, 1941. According to the Atlantic Charter, every nation could choose its own form of government, thus, if Japan were to surrender based on these terms, they would be able to retain the emperor, their God (Alperovitz). However, when the United States offered a peace agreement based on Unconditional Surrender, the Japanese refused this offer as no provisions had been made for their Emperor. As Leon V. Sigal states, one point was clear to senior [United States] officials, regardless of where they stood on war termination the critical condition for Japanese surrender was the assurance that the throne would be preserved (Alperovitz 31). It turns out that the unconditional surrender clause of the peace agreement was the major factor that hindered Japanese surrender at this point in the war. According to the surrender agreement, the au thority that deceived the people into

How to Make Colored Flowers

How to Make Colored Flowers Its easy to make your own colored flowers, especially carnations and daisies, but there are a couple of tricks that help ensure great results. Heres how you do it. Tips Materials: Light-colored flowers, food coloring, waterConcepts Illustrated: Evaporation, cohesion, xylem, capillary actionTime Required: Few hours to a dayExperience Level: Beginner Colored Flower Materials Fresh flowers, preferably white - Dont use wilted flowers since they might not be able to absorb water well. Good choices include daisies and carnations.Food coloringWarm water You can use other colors of flowers besides white. Just keep in mind the final color of the flower will be a mix of the nature pigments in the flower and the dye. Also, many flower pigments are pH indicators, so you can simply change the color of some flowers by putting them into water with baking soda (a base) or lemon juice/vinegar (common weak acids). Make Colored Flowers Trim the stems of your flowers so they arent excessively long.Make a slanted cut at the base of the stem under water. The cut is slanted so that the stem wont sit flat on the bottom of the container. A flat cut can prevent the flower from taking in water. Make the cut underwater to prevent air bubbles from forming in the tiny tubes at base of the stem, which would prevent water/color from being drawn up.Add food coloring to a glass. Youre looking at about 20-30 drops of food coloring per half cup of warm water. Warm water will be taken more readily than cold water.Set the damp stem of the flower in the colored water. The petals should become colored after a few hours. It may take as long as 24 hours, however, depending on the flower.You can set the colored flowers in plain water or flower preservative, but they will continue to drink water, changing the pattern of the color over time. Getting Fancy You can slit the stem up the middle and put each side in a different color to get bi-colored flowers. What do you think you will get if you put half of the stem in blue dye and half in yellow dye? What do you think will happen if you take a colored flower and put its stem in dye of a different color? How It Works A few different processes are involved in plant drinking or transpiration. As water evaporates from flowers and leaves, the attractive force between water molecules called cohesion pulls more water along. Water is pulled up through tiny tubes (xylem) that run up a plants stem. Although gravity might want to pull the water back down toward the ground, water sticks to itself and these tubes. This capillary action keeps water in the xylem in much the same way as water stays in a straw when you suck water through it, except evaporation and biochemical reactions provide the initial upward pull.

Patricia Benner Theorist Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Patricia Benner Theorist - Assignment Example Such is the fundamental message of Benner’s From Novice to Expert. This paper analyzes and discusses Patricia Benner’s From Novice to Expert. The first section introduces the life and theory of Benner, and the key components of the theory. The second section discusses how the theory can connect theory, research, and practice. Then the last section explains how this theory is relevant to my practice goals and how can I apply the theory now and in the future. Patricia Benner of the University of California was a forerunner in clinical practice research; specifically, she examined the traits of experts and the development of expertise. Employing a qualitative design, as well as interview and observation, she studied several nurses involved in clinical activities—from novice nurses to expert nurses. From this research she wrote her book From Novice to Expert: Excellence and power in clinical nursing (2001) wherein she identified a hierarchy or pyramid of practice in medical nursing. The five phases of development described by Benner are ‘novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert’ (Alber et al., 2009, 126). Benner’s work covers clear, perceptive explanations of every stage and the framework has been applied by others in examining their profession and creating academic programs. This paper analyzes and discusses Patricia Benner’s From Novice to Expert. The first section introduces the life and theory of Benner, and the key components of the theory. The second section discusses how the theory can connect theory, research, and practice. Then the last section explains how this theory is relevant to my practice goals and how can I apply the theory now and in the future. Patricia Benner is a nursing graduate from Pasadena College. She later on obtained a Master’s Degree in nursing from University of California in 1970, with her primary focus on medical-surgical nursing. Benner has a broad array of clinical knowledge and experience

Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications Essay - 2

Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications - Essay Example For instance, the food and drug administration made an approval of a drug into the market yet it knew that the drug had serious negative effects on consumers (Jamshid, 2005). The article shows that the drug had a significant number of warning signs, which could have been avoided early enough. Merck and FDA failed to meet their responsibilities to the public; there was also a failure to submit the data to a peer-reviewed periodical and the cardiovascular information provided in the article were half-finished. As a skilled leader, such issues would not have occurred because of the knowledge the leader had regarding the drug. FDA did not take any skill to ensure that the drug underwent various trials before being approved, despite the fact that it had the command to do so. Systemic is the process that leads to almost all of a system is affected instead of a small section of the system. In terms of medicine, systemic implies influencing the whole body instead of one organ or body part (Matteson, 2007). On the other hand, systemic implies that occurring from the structure of the system and influencing the entire behavior of the whole system in systems thinking (Russell, 2010). Therefore, a problem is systemic if the conduct of most or all of its significant sections is affected. The systemic issues from the case study include the consumption of Rofecoxib drug, which resulted in affecting a large number of people who used the drug. Another issue includes the failure of the leadership at the FDA to acknowledge that they are responsible for the health of the public (Topol, 2004). In addition, Merck was only concerned in the sale of Rofecoxib despite its possible cardiovascular toxicity and the robust signs that there was an issue and that a large number of people were being exposed. The most appropriate strategy for system improvement utilizing systems thinking includes altering the essential method a system works, through transforming the framework of its main response loops. Just like from the case study, there was the withdrawal of the drug from the market after realizing it was harmful for public consumption.

Target Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Target - Research Paper Example Product quality plays an important role in determination of performance of companies that gain success in the long term (Foss & Knudsen, 2003). In this paper, the issue of maintaining good quality of products by Target Corporation has been discussed as a method of defeating the company’s rivals (Ehmke, 2008). Customers prefer making purchases from Target stores since they get the appropriate products that they are searching for at the most reasonable prices (Nadia, 2001). The key strategies that have led this company up the success ladder are excellent marketing and advertising strategies, high brand value developed through strategic promotion of brand and intense product differentiation (Franco-Santos, et al., 2007). Being one of the top ranking companies in the US market, the company faces steep competition from other dominant firms in the market, such as, Wal-Mart, K-Mart and Costco. However, recently, the firm has been facing certain problems, such as high price of product s than market standards and very close substitutes of its products. The main issue faced by Target Corporation is that whether it should follow the strategy of maintaining high quality of its products. The two contesting arenas that arise in this regard are high quality and high price. Target is considering high quality for its products while it is out wedged by competitors that offer low priced products. This paper is dedicated to the discussion of bringing solution to this problem. Different possible solutions to this problem would be discussed. These solutions are provided after considering the current business environment in which the company operates. Although, all the possible solutions are proposed on the basis of the some analysis of the company situation and overall industry condition, these refer to diverse aspects. However, in order to gain advantage over its nearest rivals, the company would have to identify the loop holes in which it is directly lagging behind its compe titors. In this case, the problem is that the company is facing price war. Competitors, such as Wal-Mart, K-Mart and Costco, which are known across the globe for their low price items, are gaining edge over Target Corporation, since the prices charged by Target are higher than the products that they offer. In this case the company might aim at reducing cost so as offer the products at lowered prices. However, price wars can be sustained only up to a certain limit, beyond which prices cannot be reduced for maintaining profitable business. Hence, it would have to take some other option for maintaining its competitive position in the industry. These possible solutions are discussed in the next section. Possible solutions to the problem In the current business world, companies are concerned about the gaining an extra edge over other market players. An important aspect that helps in assessing the performance of a particular company in the market is the extent to which customers would be attracted more towards a particular brand than other brands available in the market. It is imperative for every business to develop a base of loyal customers that would increase over time (Smith & Wright, 2004). Niche markets are growing rapidly in the modern world and they are increasing awareness of customers about product features and characteristics of products that they

Current situation of the coffee industry

Current situation of the coffee industry 1Coffee is one of the worlds most valuable assets and at least 25 million people around the world base their livelihood on their production. Most of these producers are small-scale farmers in the developing world, despite the extent of coffee consumption takes place in the United States and Europe Over the last twenty five years of the last century, developing countries have been incited to follow export-oriented economy models as a way to increase living standards of their citizens. With this model, countries have opened their economies globally, boosting international trade and investments, and expanding their exports with the objective of earning foreign exchange. These strategies try to substitute older models based on import-replacement, which proposed that developing countries should impose protectionism measures in order to protect their domestic economies by controlling investments and external trade. At face value, specializing in exporting coffee seems to be a good strategy for developing countries, knowing that they have the perfect conditions to grow coffee crops and taking the advantage that richer countries are not competitive in this field, but they are very interested in purchasing the product as they earn considerable profits of its distribution and consumption. However, the global coffee industry has become a nightmare as the world prices have dampened, which have an important impact on livelihoods of those countries. Why has this happened, and how is affecting developing countries? CURRENT SITUATION 2The current crisis is the latest and most dramatic in a long history of industry ups and downs. Coffee prices have plummeted to 30-years lows. (See appendix 2) Coffee, which is produced in over 50 developing countries, is one of the s worlds most important commodities exports. It makes an important contribution to development socioeconomic and poverty alleviation as well as its economic importance is based on exportation, some of represent more than the half of their export earnings. Moreover, a cup of coffee in any neighborhood in New York or Paris can reach the $ 3.60 price. That same cup of coffee, a coffee farmer in the Andes of South America or Southeast Asia receives only 24 cents, a paltry 7% which, of course, does not even cover the cost of production or the basic needs of collectors. This are the most direct consequences of a crisis in the last two years which has sunk into poverty over 25 million people, while the coffee trade of the four big multinationals (Nestle, Kraft Foods, Procter Gamble and Sara Lee) has curbed their economic growth. Therefore, it is not a trivial matter; it is actually the major source of foreign exchange for several countries. The current crisis is directly affecting some 20 million families living in the area where the center of all growing and production, between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, and depend on grain as their main source of income. Moreover, the United Nations World Food Program launched an emergency operation to assist 155,000 people in Guatemala, where a severe drought that killed subsistence crops coincided with low coffee prices. CAUSES Coffee prices are at the alarming and the specialty coffee industry is in a crisis. In addition, most industry experts predict that will not improve in the near future. At the root of the current crisis is an oversupply of coffee on world markets. Since 1990, coffee production worldwide has increased by 15 percent, exceeding consumption by two folds. This increase was precipitated by new producers entering the market, most notably Vietnam (see appendix 3). Keep in mind that coffee production in Vietnam is not really traditional, in 1987. The Vietnamese were at the beginning just consumers. But the access to the position of largest producer of robusta type of coffee is actually the result of a political will, encouraged by the World Bank. As one of the most disadvantage countries in Asia, Vietnam saw in the business the chance to expand its economy and as a way to gain valuable foreign exchange. Furthermore, it provided an opportunity to encourage economic expansion in relatively disa dvantage areas. However, coffee production has surged in other countries as well. The reason for this relate to some complex technical, economic and political factors. In addition, during the last decade productivity of coffee trees increased because of enhanced agricultural practice. Moreover, many countries increased their lands in order to specialize in coffee production. 2The reasons for this is different from country to country, liberalization of trade in coffee, improving better transportation and communication on production data, prices and inventories increase security of supply World; domestic food markets were deregulated, which encouraged a general shift to export production; and land previously reserved for non-agricultural production, for example forest areas, was brought into agricultural use through privatization and non regulation. Going a little bit further, the beginning of the crisis dates back to 1989 when the International Coffee Agreement collapsed, contributing greatly to the problem of oversupply. The agreement had been responsible for the restrictions on exports of coffee, without it, many producing countries sought to increase export earnings through increased production. Unfortunately, its success in increasing it led to a surplus that, actually, decreased revenues. Moreover, severe frosts in Brazil during the middle 1990s showed a temporary rise in coffee prices, before the basic trend kept on increasing until the present days (appendix 3). But all of these effects are not just based simply one of supply and demand. The connections between the links of the supply chains that connect producers with consumers have also changed. Nowadays, coffee farmers receive less than 7% of the retail price of coffee in developed world markets; the rest of the percentage until 100%, 93% is paid to importers, packaging firms, roaster and retailers. In part this reflects a structural disparity of commercial power in the global coffee system, whereby six international trading companies control over half of the world coffee exports. In these contexts, developing country coffee growers are in a very weak bargaining position. CONSEQUENCES This downward pricing spiral is affecting infrastructures in coffee-producing countries where they are collapsing. There is no money to fix or repair roads, the cost of trucks is out of reach and distributing the merchandise is definitely a hard task. When small agricultural producers are dependent on some buyer to sale their crops for a large amount of money, slumping prices have dramatic repercussions for those poorest countries who everyday fight against hunger and social vulnerability. In recent years aid agencies have struggled to bring awareness about these human repercussions trying to call the attention of policy-makers. These human-scale dimensions of the crisis should flow into national and regional economies. For a significant number of tropical countries, coffee is the major source of export-earning. The collapse of coffee prices, then, has destabilized the systems of whole national economies. Many of these countries are also seriously in debt to international organizatio ns, and have had to renegotiate or even suspend the repayments of loans. In turn, the resultant debt crisis of developing countries is a major source of financial instability in the world. As always, the poorest countries are most affected, the business profit is becoming some of the poorest and most vulnerable of the world into extreme poverty, livelihoods of small farmers are being destroyed by international markets beyond their control. But not everyone is losing in the current scenario. While the cost of the raw material comes in a slump, some companies, particularly multinational companies along with several large coffee retailers, continue earning and being profitable. Their market powers allow them essentially to dictate to their suppliers and take advantage of the lower prices. As always, poorest countries are the most affected, corporate gain is turning over some of the worlds poorest and most weak people to extreme poverty: the livelihoods of smaller producers are being destroyed by international markets that are beyond their control. SOLUTIONS It seems clear that one of the solutions to the coffee crisis passes to limit grain production to raise prices in international trade. This would be the theory in the context of the market economy. In practice, it has been tried it last year and received the denial of the Asian countries and Brazil. in oil. Experts agree that the coffee industry is undergoing major changes in order to recover the price-crisis prices. The entry of Vietnam into the coffee trade had important consequences: the way to produce cheaper. Alternatives to the coffee crisis are in what some NGOs have called fair trade. If producing countries such as Vietnam has grown 400% in the last decade is because their culture has focused on the logical contribution of new technologies. It is a commitment to diversified organic coffee, coffee quality associated with sustainable development and fair trade outside intermediaries, to improve the price paid to farmers and reducing the supply with further restructuring of the field. An idea that is far from being realized because of the illiquidity of the farmer . 4The costs of producing differ from country to country, perhaps from 60 to 90 cents for The worst hits are Latin American countries with relatively high production costs. These countries may try to find ways to cut costs or find niche markets that command premium prices, such as organic or shade-grown coffee that provides ecological habitats. But those options do not help everyone. Many farmers ultimately have to move to other more lucrative products. In the fall of the current prices, farmers enough eventually be driven out of business, which will produce increased coffee prices again. That means another potential shortage threat in the future, especially for higher quality coffees are more expensive to produce. And this shortage can lead high enough to encourage overproduction, once again. It is not clear when this damaging cycle will repeat again, or even if it is going to finish. What is clear is that new and better solutions are needed to help the poorest countries that are affected by it. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In conclusion, the existing circumstances of the world coffee industry represent a crisis of huge human cost. The low prices being received by coffee farmers not only put in danger the livelihoods of people and communities, but add significantly to global inequality and its correlated to financial and political implications. For another point of view, the crisis also unveils the failures of export-oriented models which curiously most developing countries follow. What it can be learned at this point: what is true for some countries may not be true for anothers. When one country increments its coffee exports, it benefits. But if all countries do the same, then the effects are to produce an over-supply of commodities and to cause prices to fall. The lives of smallholder farmers become vulnerable by depending on the conditions imposed those who dominate commodity markets, which in any case are structured in ways that concentrated power in a small number of transnational companies. And at least, some recommendations can be given: Correcting the imbalance between supply and demand by increasing consumer in particular by: improving quality in the world market and promoting diversification to reduce dependency. It is recognized that to ensure market access for products alternative, there must be a substantial reduction of tariffs and subsidies to those who are now protected agriculture in industrialized countries. In addition, support a broad-based rural development to enhance the capacity of local processing and producer associations, and also measures to improve access to credit and risk management. Beyond these suggestions, the coffee industry should participate in programs designed to help reducing the effects of price shocks at the farm level. These efforts should include locking roasters in contracts with farmers for the coming years, as a way to motivate farmers to keep on producing coffee, for example, paying more for certain quality coffees. Simultaneously with the efforts of importers, roasters and retailers to create mutually beneficial relationships with farmers, producers have taken steps toward understanding what the market demand for its coffee. APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 Prices of the coffee market (2003) APPENDIX 3

Low Self-Esteem and Eating Disorders Essay -- Health Weight Loss Paper

What is Self-Esteem... Self-esteem has recently been defined by Silverstone as "the sense of contentment and self-acceptance that stems from a person's appraisal of their own worth, significance, attractiveness, competence and ability to satisfy their aspirations" (Silverstone 1992). Self-esteem is the degree to which a person values and respects themselves, and is proud of their accomplishments. Self-esteem begins to develop in childhood, but it solidifies and gains momentum during the turbulent and trying years of adolescence. The teenage years tend to be a crucial "make it or break it" period when it comes to self-esteem because it is at this time that youngsters are searching for an identity. If this process goes awry, the teen is likely to have negative feelings about the self, leading to a low sense of self-esteem. Many recent studies have provided evidence that disruptions in the formation and stability of one's self-esteem can lead to various psychological problems, such as eating disorders. Are Low Self-Esteem and Eating Disorders Related? Although it is often thought of as only an "anecdotal contention that low selfesteem is a trait of eating disorders" (Wilfiams 1993), this fact has been empirically proven time and time again. With the use of various questionnaires and inventories, researchers such as Schupak-Neuberg, Rosen and Button have found that low self-esteem occurs very commonly in patients with eating disorders. In some cases, evidence for this relationship is so strong that it is even thought by some researchers that chronic low self-esteem is a necessary prerequisite for disordered eating (Silverstone 1992). A profile of self-concept components that are characteristic of low self-esteem are insec... ...onal Journal of Eating Disorders, Vol. 18, (4), 317-326. March, 1995. Rosen, James C., Bruce E. Compas, and Barbara Tracy. "The relation among stress, psychological symptoms, and eating disorder symptoms: A prospective analysis". International Journal of Fating Disorders. Vol. 14, (2), 153-162. 1993. Schupak-Neuberg, Erika, and Carol J. Nemeroff. "Disturbances in identity and selfregulation in bulimia nervosa: Implications for a metaphorical perspective of "Body as Self"'. International Journal of Eating Disorders. Vol. 13, (4), 335-347. 1993. Silverstone, P.H. "Is chronic low self-esteem the cause of eating disorders?". Medical Hypotheses. Vol. 39, 311-315. 1992. Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph, and Margarete Voltrath. "The self-image of adolescent patients with eating disorders". International Journal of Eating Disorders.. Vol. 13, (2), 221-227. 1993.

Haunted House Essay

It was a dark frightening night. I was running at full speed as I was being followed by some unknown men. I could not run anymore and entered into a house. I found myself in a very dark house. There were cobwebs everywhere. I was shivering like a leaf. It was a big house like those of the royal palaces, but that house seemed to belong to a witch. I just opened the door to see if those men were there and unfortunately they were outside, I immediately closed the door. I could not find sleep so I decided to visit the house. The house looked very beautiful from outside, but inside it looked very shabby. There were rats coming from a hole in a corner of the living room. It was disgusting. I then arrived near the rooms of the house. I found some books on a table and there was a diary on it. I just blew up all the dust from it and started to read it. That story made my heart pound heavily. In the diary, the last sentence written was â€Å" Angrily I kept them in one of the rooms†. That sentence made me look very tense. Curiously I went to open the rooms found in the house. I was anxious to know what were kept in one of the rooms. I continued to open the doors till I arrived near a door different from the others. I opened it and†¦ I quickly went downstairs, opened the door and left that haunted house. I promised to never enter that house. In

Critical Essay on The Glass Menagerie

Critical Essay on The Glass Menagerie Critical Essay on The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams’ play The Glass Menagerie is about undergoing the transition from childhood to adulthood and the decision to leave home and become independent. The decision is made with the understanding of the difference between reality as well as illusion. Tom makes the decision to leave home, aware that there are things in life he can control and others which are beyond his control. This story revolves around persons who are not aware of themselves or their true identity. Paul tries to encourage his family members to be more aware of their true selves. People tend to run away from reality and create illusions that they believe in. These illusions blind them, encouraging them to live in a dream world. So many people live this kind of life, and by the time they become aware of reality, they are too late or unable to revert to their true selves. A major them in Williams’ The Glass Menagerie is that people live a dream life by making any effort to understand their potentials and capabilities. Throughout the play, the characters try to create illusions because they find reality very painful. This makes the characters believe too much in their illusions, which results in them being accepted by their society in a way that they should not be accepted. Believing in illusions is a psychological problem because these people are no longer in control of their senses. Illusions cause, people to become more of dreamers and this can affect their relationship with the family members who perceived life from a different perspective. A dreamer is unlikely to agree on many issues with a person who bases his life on reality. A dreamer will always remain a dreamer, and his or her ideas are unlikely to produce anything important. It is not good to encourage people to live in a dream world because this affects their social, economic, and civic responsibilities. It is important to take life seriously by doing what is realistic. An individual can begin by identifying realistic goals and a doable plan to achieve those goals. When dreamers make up the majority in a society, then many important issues are likely not to be addressed because no one will take such issues seriously. Society always encourages its members to take responsibility for themselves and those around them to some extent. Parents encourage their children to be courageous in life by facing reality. These are the core principles that shape the community and make it a good place to live. Illusions, thus, are not part of a society. Those who are perceived as dreamers often find themselves as social outcasts. This is why Williams’ play The Glass Menagerie is considered so important. It shows how life can be wasted by living in a dream. Tips on Writing a Critical Essay: People often think that being critical means being negative. That is not so. When writing a critical essay on anything, one examines the strong and the weak points in a work and discusses those points in reference to some aspect of the work. In the case of a story, for example, the reader might identify a major idea that the story is expressing and then analyze how well the writer did in presenting and supporting that idea throughout the story. Regardless of what kind of essay you are writing, be certain to begin with a thesis statement. Gather your evidence from the story you are critiquing. Then, refrain from presenting that evidence according to the order in which it occurs in the story. Remember, you are not retelling the story. Instead, organize your arguments in the order that makes sense for your paper and draw on the evidence as needed to support your arguments. Welcome to our custom essay writing service to get professional essay help from academic experts. guarantees high quality and plagiarism-free in our papers!

Murders of Czar Nicholas II of Russia and His Family

Murders of Czar Nicholas II of Russia and His Family The tumultuous reign of Nicholas II, the last czar of Russia, was tarnished by his ineptitude in both foreign and domestic affairs that helped to bring about the Russian Revolution. The Romanov Dynasty, which had ruled Russia for three centuries, came to an abrupt and bloody end in July 1918, when Nicholas and his family, who had been held under house arrest for more than a year, were brutally executed by Bolshevik soldiers. Who Was Nicholas II? Young Nicholas, known as the tsesarevich, or heir apparent to the throne, was born on May 18, 1868, the first child of Czar Alexander III and Empress Marie Feodorovna. He and his siblings grew up in Tsarskoye Selo, one of the residences of the imperial family located outside of St. Petersburg. Nicholas was schooled not only in academics, but also in gentlemanly pursuits such as shooting, horsemanship, and even dancing. Unfortunately, his father, Czar Alexander III, did not devote a great deal of time to preparing his son to one day become the leader of the massive Russian Empire. As a young man, Nicholas enjoyed several years of relative ease, during which he embarked upon world tours and attended countless parties and balls. After seeking a suitable wife, he became engaged to Princess Alix of Germany in the summer of 1894. But the carefree lifestyle that Nicholas had enjoyed came to an abrupt end on November 1, 1894, when Czar Alexander III died of nephritis (a kidney disease). Virtually overnight, Nicholas II- inexperienced and ill-equipped for the task- became the new czar of Russia. The period of mourning was briefly suspended on November 26, 1894, when Nicholas and Alix were married in a private ceremony. The following year, daughter Olga was born, followed by three more daughters- Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia- over a period of five years. (The long-awaited male heir, Alexei, would be born in 1904.) Delayed during the long period of formal mourning, Czar Nicholas coronation was held in May 1896. But the joyous celebration was marred by a horrible incident when 1,400 revelers were killed during a stampede at Khodynka Field in Moscow. The new czar, however, refused to cancel any of the ensuing celebrations, giving the impression to his people that he was indifferent to the loss of so many lives. Growing Resentment of the Czar In a series of further missteps, Nicholas proved himself unskilled in both foreign and domestic affairs. In a 1903 dispute with the Japanese over territory in Manchuria, Nicholas resisted any opportunity for diplomacy. Frustrated by Nicholas refusal to negotiate, the Japanese took action in February 1904, bombing Russian ships in the harbor at Port Arthur in southern Manchuria. The Russo-Japanese War continued for another year and a half and ended with the czars forced surrender in September 1905. Given a large number of Russian casualties and the humiliating defeat, the war failed to draw the support of the Russian people. Russians were dissatisfied about more than just the Russo-Japanese War. Inadequate housing, poor wages, and widespread hunger among the working class created hostility toward the government. In protest of their abysmal living conditions, tens of thousands of protestors marched peacefully upon the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg on January 22, 1905. Without any provocation from the crowd, the czars soldiers opened fire on the protestors, killing and wounding hundreds. The event came to be known as Bloody Sunday, and further stirred up anti-czarist sentiment among the Russian people. Although the czar was not at the palace at the time of the incident, his people held him responsible. The massacre enraged the Russian people, leading to strikes and protests throughout the country, and culminating in the 1905 Russian Revolution. No longer able to ignore his peoples discontent, Nicholas II was forced to act. On October 30, 1905, he signed the October Manifesto, which created a constitutional monarchy as well as an elected legislature, known as the Duma. Yet the czar maintained control by limiting the powers of the Duma and maintaining veto power. Birth of Alexei During that time of great turmoil, the royal couple welcomed the birth of a male heir, Alexei Nikolaevich, on August 12, 1904. Apparently healthy at birth, young Alexei was soon found to be suffering from hemophilia, an inherited condition that causes severe, sometimes fatal hemorrhaging. The royal couple chose to keep their sons diagnosis a secret, fearing it would create uncertainty about the future of the monarchy. Distraught about her sons illness, Empress Alexandra doted upon him and isolated herself and her son from the public. She desperately searched for a cure or any kind of treatment that would keep her son out of danger. In 1905, Alexandra found an unlikely source of help- the crude, unkempt, self-proclaimed healer, Grigori Rasputin. Rasputin became a trusted confidante of the empress because he could do what no one else had been capable of- he kept young Alexei calm during his bleeding episodes, thereby reducing their severity. Unaware of Alexeis medical condition, the Russian people were suspicious of the relationship between the empress and Rasputin. Beyond his role of providing comfort to Alexei, Rasputin had also become an adviser to Alexandra and even influenced her opinions on affairs of state. WWI and the Murder of Rasputin Following the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Russia became embroiled in the First World War, as Austria declared war on Serbia. Stepping in to support Serbia, a fellow Slavic nation, Nicholas mobilized the Russian army in August 1914. The Germans soon joined the conflict, in support of Austria-Hungary. Although he had initially received the support of the Russian people in waging a war, Nicholas found that support dwindling as the war dragged on. The poorly-managed and ill-equipped Russian Army- led by Nicholas himself- suffered considerable casualties. Nearly two million were killed over the duration of the war. Adding to the discontent, Nicholas had left his wife in charge of affairs while he was away at war. Yet because Alexandra was German-born, many Russians distrusted her; they also remained suspicious about her alliance with Rasputin. General loathing and mistrust of Rasputin culminated in a plot by several members of the aristocracy to murder him. They did so, with great difficulty, in December 1916. Rasputin was poisoned, shot, then bound and thrown into the river. Russian Revolution and the Czars Abdication All across Russia, the situation grew increasingly desperate for the working class, which struggled with low wages and rising inflation. As they had done before, the people took to the streets in protest of the governments failure to provide for its citizens. On February 23, 1917, a group of nearly 90,000 women marched through the streets of Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg) to protest their plight. These women, many of whose husbands had left to fight in the war, struggled to make enough money to feed their families. The following day, several thousand more protesters joined them. People walked away from their jobs, bringing the city to a standstill. The czars army did little to stop them; in fact, some soldiers even joined the protest. Other soldiers, loyal to the czar, did fire into the crowd, but they were clearly outnumbered. The protestors soon gained control of the city during the February/March 1917 Russian Revolution. With the capital city in the hands of revolutionaries, Nicholas finally had to concede that his reign was over. He signed his abdication statement on March 15, 1917, bringing an end to the 304-year-old Romanov Dynasty. The royal family was allowed to stay on at the Tsarskoye Selo palace while officials decided their fate. They learned to subsist on soldiers rations and to make do with fewer servants. The four girls had all recently had their heads shaved during a bout of measles; oddly, their baldness gave them the appearance of prisoners. Royal Family Exiled to Siberia For a brief time, the Romanovs had hoped they would be granted asylum in England, where the czars cousin, King George V, was reigning monarch. But the plan- unpopular with British politicians who deemed Nicholas a tyrant- was quickly abandoned. By the summer of 1917, the situation in St. Petersburg had become increasingly unstable, with Bolsheviks threatening to overrun the provisional government. The czar and his family were quietly moved to western Siberia for their own protection, first to Tobolsk, then finally to Ekaterinburg. The home where they spent their final days was a far cry from the extravagant palaces they had been accustomed to, but they were grateful to be together. In October 1917, the Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, finally gained control of the government following the second Russian Revolution. Thus the royal family also came under the control of the Bolsheviks, with fifty men assigned to guard the house and its occupants. The Romanovs adapted as best they could to their new living quarters, as they awaited what they prayed would be their liberation. Nicholas faithfully made entries in his diary, the empress worked on her embroidery, and the children read books and put on plays for their parents. The four girls learned from the family cook how to bake bread. During June 1918, their captors repeatedly told the royal family that they would soon be moved to Moscow and should be prepared to leave at any time. Each time, however, the trip was delayed and rescheduled for a few days later. Brutal Murders of the Romanovs While the royal family waited for a rescue that would never take place, civil war raged throughout Russia between the Communists and the White Army, which opposed Communism. As the White Army gained ground and headed for Ekaterinburg, the Bolsheviks decided they must act swiftly. The Romanovs must not be rescued. At 2:00 a.m. in the morning on July 17, 1918, Nicholas, his wife, and their five children, along with four servants, were awakened and told to prepare for departure. The group, led by Nicholas, who carried his son, was escorted to a small room downstairs. Eleven men (later reported to have been drunk) came into the room and began firing shots. The czar and his wife were first to die. None of the children died outright, probably because all wore hidden jewels sewn inside their clothing, which deflected the bullets. The soldiers finished the job with bayonets and more gunfire. The grisly massacre had taken 20 minutes. At the time of death, the czar was 50 years old and the empress 46. Daughter Olga was 22 years old, Tatiana was 21, Maria was 19, Anastasia was 17, and Alexei was 13 years old. The bodies were removed, and taken to the site of an old mine, where the executioners did their best to hide the identities of the corpses. They chopped them up with axes, and doused them with acid and gasoline, setting them afire. The remains were buried at two separate sites. An investigation soon after the murders failed to turn up the bodies of the Romanovs and their servants. (For many years afterward, it was rumored that Anastasia, the czars youngest daughter, had survived the execution and was living somewhere in Europe. Several women over the years claimed to be Anastasia, most notably Anna Anderson, a German woman with a history of mental illness. Anderson died in 1984; DNA testing later proved she was not related to the Romanovs.) Final Resting Place of the Romanovs Another 73 years would pass before the bodies were found. In 1991, the remains of nine people were excavated at Ekaterinburg. DNA testing confirmed they were the bodies of the czar and his wife, three of their daughters, and four servants. A second grave, containing the remains of Alexei and one of his sisters (either Maria or Anastasia), was discovered in 2007. Sentiment toward the royal family- once demonized in Communist society- had changed in post-Soviet Russia. The Romanovs, canonized as saints by the Russian Orthodox church, were remembered at a religious ceremony on July 17, 1998 (eighty years to the date of their murders), and reburied in the imperial family vault at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Nearly 50 descendants of the Romanov dynasty attended the service, as did Russian President Boris Yeltsin.

Business Finance and the Capital Structure Research Paper

Business Finance and the Capital Structure - Research Paper Example The most important disadvantage of debt financing is the interest burden and the repayment of loan. If the loan and interest are not repaid on time then banks and financing institutions can seize the assets of the company. The history of bond and stock market shows that risk and returns are indispensably attached to each other. Investors cannot get higher returns if their risk portfolio is low. Lower risk will bring lower returns and in order to get higher returns investors need to take high risk. William Sharpe (1964) and John Lintner (1965) have contributed to the origin of asset pricing theory in the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The CAPM was built on the model of choice of portfolio developed by Harry Markowitz (1959). According to the model of Markowitz, an investor opts to select a portfolio at time t-1 which would generate a stochastic return at time t. The model assumes that investors are generally risk averse, and at the time of choosing their portfolio they are concerned about only mean and variance of their return at the end of investment period. So investors prefer to choose mean & variance efficient portfolios that would either minimize variance with a certain expected return or would maximize expected return given variance. Thus, CAPM is a theory that defines the relationship between risk and the expected return of a security or a portfolio of securities. The theory is based on the assumption that the security market is generally composed of risk-averse in vestors and the type of investors who prefer and will to take more risk only when they expect to earn a higher return in commensuration with that risk. The return from an asset varies through successive periods and an asset which has a fluctuating return is considered to have greater risk. So, the tendency of investors is to diversify their investment portfolio so that they could minimize the effect of risk volatility, i.e. the unsystematic risk attached

MACROECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MACROECONOMICS - Essay Example has an affect upon the macro economics as it is the tool to attract more consumers towards the banking instruments, not only from the domestic investors but also from the foreign investors. At interest rates r0 and r1, investment levels in (a) will be i0 and i1. To produce equilibrium in the item for consumption market, level of income must be at y0 and y1 respectively. Therefore, interest rate income combines r0, y0 and r1, y1, which are the equilibrium points along the IS schedule, slopes downward towards right. With investment being responsive to alterations in the interest rates, the investment plan i (r) on (a) is moderately flat. A decrease in interest rate will raise investment by a huge amount. Therefore, a large increase in income, y0y2, is necessary to re-establish the product market equilibrium. Consequently, the IS schedule in part (d) will be flat. The level of investments by firms is highly affected through the monetary policy of the government. The raise in the interest rate will force the investment level to increase by firms. To increase the investment level by different firms the monetary policy was implemented by the UK government. When the consumer confidence index falls, there is an increase in the level of savings and many firms decide to reschedule or push back the capital investment spending projects because of uncertainties over a shortcoming of demand and there is a fall in the expected rate of profit on investment. This affect is upturned down through the monetary policy of the government by implementation of the interest rate policy. The increase in the interest rate will increase the confidence index of investment and the expectation level of investing firms will be higher as there is more return through the financial instruments. This rise in the confidence index and investment increases the investment in capital projects that helps the economy to grow. In application with the Fisher’s equation it is know that, as the income

Fashion Textile Futures Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fashion Textile Futures Theory - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Textile Futures Theory" draws a distinction between clothing and fashion. Clothes are the media through which cultural ideas flow. Clothing helps us to order our cultural categories; class, status, gender and cultural principles i.e. values, belief and ideas are determined which we hold regarding our world. It is pertinent here to define Culture which may be defined as the way of life, with share abilities, habits, beliefs and customs of people or social groups. It is the entire complex of learned behavior, transmitted to subsequent generations in an ever changing cumulative dynamic way. We may call the artifacts; consumed and produced in a culture, a material culture. These artifacts are produced to express the unexpressed beliefs since the artifacts are understood in particular culture. Artifacts are unconscious and unintentional medium of attitudes, values and beliefs. But Prown says that artifacts are intentional expressions of an aesthetic which is equal in me aning and important to the unintentional expression.4 Cordwell and Schwarz noted that clothes were ignored in the studies of material culture. But later on it was realized that clothes; artifacts, are associated with ‘a complex sentiments’ and it channels the emotions and helps people to move in a ‘culturally appropriate manners. To Schwarz clothing has a symbolic role to play more than any other material objects. It arbitrates the relationship among nature, people and their ‘socio-culture environment.... M. J. & Gruel. L.M. (1981). The Second Skin. Boston: Houghton - Mifflin. 4 Prown. Jules D. et al (1985). "Material cultural studies: A Symposium" Material culture. 5 Cunningham. Anne. Patricia. Lab.Voso.Susan. (1991) Understanding Dress and Popular Culture. Bowling Green State University: Popular Press To Schwarz clothing has a symbolic role to play more than any other material objects. It arbitrates the relationship among nature, people and their 'socio-culture environment.'6 The Study of Blue Denim jeans helps us to understand the statement of Schwarz and particularly his emphasis on the symbolic role of clothing. Blue jeans are all pervasive on the scene of cultural history of America since 130 years. During that period of time jeans exemplified different meanings and messages for the society. It became a symbol of rebellion, an outlet of personal freedom and creativity then it serves as an icon of awareness of fashion also. Change in the style of jeans is actually a sign of change in manners and attitude in the American society. These changes are the subtle but accurate barometers of trends in contemporary popular culture.7 In 1960s the concept of "Jeaning of America" came on the surface to give a jean new role in the American society. It was a great shift in the attitude of the society and particularly in youth when the new clique of rebels; "beatnik", the bohemians, started putting on black sweaters with blue jeans as daily wear to represent the urban intellectual, a dissenter, to rebel against the 'conformist society of the day.' To wear plain jeans and dark colors was to reject the more-is-better, new-is-better mentality of the Organization Man World. 8 By 1967, the youth dominated the sub-culture. Who had

Social Science Journals and Impact Factor Essay Example for Free

Social Science Journals and Impact Factor Essay There is a proper way to deal with journalists that commit misconducts in their research publications in social sciences journals. Policies and procedures have been put into place to assist in the proper handling of researchers when they behave unethically. Editors must protect the integrity of the journals and the research, when allegations of research misconduct arise. This can pose a difficult task. Journals have had to rethink how to deal with such allegations and misconduct. â€Å"Editors must also think about the potential legal liability if the innocent scientists reputation has become damaged† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010). Scientists need to remain credible and reputable, so accusations of unethical misconduct involved in their research can cause an uproar. The Committee on Publication Ethics, also know as COPE, issues an agreement that stated journals must develop misconduct policies, in 1999, and in 2006, issued standard procedures for handling with the misconduct in scientific journals. It is not yet a requirement, but a guidance of how situations should be handled when misconduct is brought to the attention of the editors of the publications. Research was done regarding the number of scientific journals had, in place, a policy detailing the use and reporting of unethical research practices. According to the article, â€Å"A misconduct policy is defined as statements about the definition of misconduct or procedures for responding to misconduct† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010). For example, the policy described â€Å"how to report allegations of misconduct† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010), and â€Å"how to correct the scientific literature in response to misconduct† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010). The definitions of misconduct would not be limited to the U.S. Federal governments definition of misconduct: fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. Other types of misconduct must be recognized as well, such as animal abuse or misuse of human subjects. The research shows that â€Å"less than half of the journals in the combined data set had formal misconduct policies† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddad a, 2010), although it is recommended by COPE. It is thought that since editors have been made conscious of the misconduct in the scientific research, that more misconduct policies would be in place by now. It is thought that maybe many journals have not developed these policies yet,  because journal editors do not view misconduct as a common problem when they should. Many editors view the misconduct as a something that happens on a rare occasion and are not motivated to develop the policies that are needed to properly handle it. If this issue was properly handled, accusations could not be made, as long as proper protocols were in place and followed appropriately. These kinds of policies have more benefits and a sort of security, but when writing for journals that do not have them in place can be dangerous to the reputations of the researchers and the publishers. Less than half of the reported journals have policies in place, and it would be beneficial to the rest of them to follow suit. The people effected by the misconduct of unethical journals are the participants in the research, as well as the publication the journal is referenced in. If it became a requirement of the social science journals to have policies in place, less accusations would be made about the behavior of the editors and journalists. It is important to remain completely ethical and avoid tarnishing the reputation of the scientists and journalists involved in the publications. This will help aim the publications to remain full of integrity and regarded as highly ethical. More support will come from journals that are deemed ethical, than those that are not, especially in the social science department. It is hopeful that in the near future more editors around the globe will obtain policies that require ethical research to be conducted in order for the research to become published. This would effect not only the reputations of the editors and journals, it would improve the reliability of the information that is provided in the research. It is the opinion of many in the field of social science research, that policies and procedures for handling unethical research practices are put in place, so that their years of hard work and dedication does not become undeniable. One accusation to a scientist could lead to many accusations of past and all future research. So if the guidelines were presently in place, this could be avoided. Until that happens, though, there will remain a certain percent of scientific research that is deemed unethical, and most likely will not be published. References Resnik, D. B., Patrone, D., Peddada, S. (2010). Research Misconduct Policies of Social Science Journals and Impact Factor. Accountability In Research: Policies Quality Assurance, 17(2), 79-84. doi:10.1080/08989621003641181

Development of Interactive Science Learning Material

Development of Interactive Science Learning Material Firoz Hasan Project Objective Tab-Based Interactive Science Laboratory for school’s Students. The objective of this project is to use create an interactive science laboratory on the tab for the students in grade 3, 4, and 5 of the primary stage. The proposed application is supposed to help the students in such grades to implement and interact with the scientific experiments mentioned in their science books using augmented reality and graphics in a risk-free environment Problems Definition Being citizens of third world countries, It has been heard since very beginning of life that getting high marks in school will ensure future help in getting admission in faculties of universities that are of high demand. Moreover, it has been guaranteed with jobs after graduation. No scope for creativity, zero innovation invention. Most people only concentrated on official jobs but they don’t think about development and interact much with nature. It is said as proverb that learning in childhood is similar to stone inscription that’s hard to be erased. The problem is that people are motivated wrongly since childhood not knowing the main aim for education and learning. This is the main problem of third world countries that leads to the opposite direction of development. The problems remain as they were. The main aim for education and knowledge and learning is to use them properly to solve daily life problems, to have a better life by doing researches and make progress in natural science. In one word, to survive and live in this world it is obligatory to know about its nature and exploitation of it for existence. If children are motivated by this reason then there will be no excuses for aggravation. Moreover, interaction with nature is a great factor that can make big differences. As this application will be related to virtual lab interaction that satisfies the needs of the pupil of primary stage, so it is necessary to discuss about the importance of lab and lack of labs’ effect in Egypt. It’s proven scientifically that picture is the best way to memorize things. So lab is definitely the most suitable place to learn the most because everything here is real or can be seen. Moreover, as it has been mentioned before that anything learned in the beginning of childhood will be always remembered. For example, it’s seen that plant is guided by fences to grow it in one direction. So they grow up as strong rooted tree. Similar to plant , pupils of primary stage must be directed in this way. They must be given chances to attend lab in order to understand the natural science easily and in it’s way practically by interaction. So they will grow up as a well educated person. However, as Egypt is a third world country, labs can’t be provided in most schools because of lack of funding, intention etc. For that reason I am going to create virtual lab interaction application to help our primary stage’s pupils. So its time to figure out the reason of superiority of Western education. Motivation of Western Science Related Education Its superiority Western education is characterized by the right motivation for children with right direction and direct interaction with nature. It is said that necessity is the mother of invention. This proverb is well explained by Western education practically. For example, a person does something certain when he needs to do it or forced. If problems are on his way, then he thinks more creatively until he reaches to his destination. We as human beings work or solve our problems for only one purpose and that is our existence. Western education successfully penetrates through the logic of children with idea that you must or have to study or have enough education in natural science because of your survival. Moreover, with additional weapons such as lab for interaction with nature and creative stuffs that successfully encourages them to learn natural sciences. So Western (European) education leads its nation towards the path of continuous development. Previous Work Virtual lab interaction application is not a new idea to do projects on. There are many past projects that are presently in use by many research centers and universities. Followings are examples of projects that are widely used by many institutions. The Virtual Lab Series The Virtual Stickleback Evolution Lab has won several awards, including top honors in the Pirelli International Award competition, which recognizes it as the best multimedia products designed to use the Internet to educate about science and technology. BioInteractive’s series of virtual labs provides students with the opportunity to practice the skills and techniques of scientific research in a fully interactive, virtual environment. Virtual lab online Moreover, Virtual lab online applications is designed by Indian public universities under the governance of Ministry of Human Resource Development to support students and to ease the burden of problems. Solution Now it is obligatory to discuss about the proposed solution of problem. Before moving to the other points of analysis, its needed to conclude the point of problems or complains that because of poor education system that unsuccessfully delivers the aim or purpose of education, many students are forced to study subjects that are not in very need. Now, as it has been written previously that one of the main differences between two education systems is lab or interaction with the curriculum. The simple solution of our problem is building labs in schools. However, as this project is been done specifically about Egypt, this is almost impossible to be implanted. There are many reasons behind impossibility such as lack of funding in education field, lack of honest intentions etc. The main reason is the lack of honest intentions of government or in other words though it may have honest intentions, failure is always on their way because of implementation technique and future planning. Moreover, this is a long time process that can do nothing instantly for our problem. So its time to think for other alternatives. As in this part of project, the proposed solution is to create an Android application of virtual lab interaction. Virtual lab interaction application is where students of primary stage can do experiments on their Android tablets. Nowadays, tablets are in very affordable price and are very popular with middle class families. In very near future, tablets will be all over and in every one’s hand. Moreover, most of tablets are run by Android OS. So virtual lab interaction will be very useful to our students of primary stage. This application has many good features such as it’s environment is completely safe and doesn’t contain any hazardous or dangerous materials compared to real labs. Moreover, it’s user friendly interaction and easy movement of scientific materials eases the process of learning and saves time greatly compared to the real one. It’s must to be mentioned that I am going to add other features such as videos of experiments, puzzles and small quizzes. Moreover, whole the curriculum will be explained in very simple and organized way with animations and pictures and followed by small quizzes. Interactive Science Laboratory Description Properties This application is similar to portable lab. It’s the virtual lab for tablets to handle experiments, simulate analyze with different kind of lab tools. Virtual Reality In this application, it is possible to conduct real life experiments it enables the parallax effect from different angles so users will get experience like a real lab. Risk Free Conduct dangerous experiments without worrying about anything like breaking beakers or getting cut by broken glass. Deeper Learning Utilization different label helps to get the precise mass, temperature, thickness and volume of each substance in holders. Required Equipment Language : java Operating System : Android IDE : Eclipse , Android Studio Application Framework : libGDX Timetable indicating the activities and their target dates Activities Target Result Analysis Phase The Analysis Phase is where defines complete Strategical direction all over the tab-based interactive science laboratory project lifecycle break down high level project needs to more detailed requirements. Its required to gather requirements in this phase which simply asks at what is needed for this project. So analysis phase will identify gaps between reality and goals. Design Phase This design phase will identify architecture, blueprints how the application looks like. The design phase shows how those functions will actually be implemented in the system. This phase will utilize gathered information of analysis phase. This is the phase where identify what the application needs, how to use it, how much current idea of application needs to change based on requirements. In this tab-based interactive science laboratory project design phase is going to have scenario drawing of each experiments. It will explains every single details of each experiments, what will happen when users press button, how to interact with application etc. So its needed to be careful in design phase, as any flaw or error can lead a failure application. Implementation Phase After completing design phase its time to start implementation. So main focus of developing or actual coding will start in this phase. It will take the longest time in whole project. Basically for this tab-based interactive science laboratory application the core programming language will be java special development application framework called libGDX. libGDX uses some third-party libraries to provide its functionality, these include Lightweight Java Game Library,  OpenGL,  FreeType,  mpg123,  Vorbis, SoundTouch Audio Processing Library,  Box2D,  OpenAL, and  Kiss FFT etc. Testing Phase This phase provides information about quality of the application, ideally testing will exercise the system in all possible ways. It reveals bugs, detect flaws in application, identify logical error etc. The main goal is to evaluate the system as a whole, not its parts. Documentation Presentation Phase It is the final phase which is going to take approximately 3-4 weeks. Its needed to make presentation write dissertation 70 80 pages which should contain abstract, methodology, results, conclusion, references. Benefits Advantages No more lab required, just need a tablet. Risk free so learning process is fast fearless. Hands on experience so student learn by doing experiments. Every experiments add some new features with very interesting and user friendly interface a lot of multimedia. No complex setup or installation required. Every experiments is like scenario of a story so the student will never feel bored easy to understand. So this application teach them, help them in doing experiments , test their capabilities of doing scientific experiments. Generally student has School Book where they can only see experiments picture and imagine. External Book some extra exercise nothing more. School Lab limited time access not risk free environment. This application will implement the experiments more than once in a risk free environment, students are required to use them interactively learn the experiments by themselves, this application is going to test students capabilities through some exercises and quizs by this way it is possible to get all benefit without any disadvantages. At last it can be hoped expected that tab-based interactive science laboratory project can serve primary level students well students will get benefitted from this application. Reference Lists Chemical Reactions.Chemical Reactions. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2014.Retrieved from http://www.learningscience.org/psc3cchemrxs.htm And, Les.PHASE 7: TEST PHASE(n.d.): n. pag. Web.. Retrieved from http://doit.maryland.gov/SDLC/Documents/SDLC Phase 07 Integration and Test Phase Multiple Hardware.pdf Biochemistry and Molecular Biology EducationVolume 29, Issue 4, Article First Published Online: 10 OCT 2008.Development and Evaluation of Virtual Labs and Other Interactive Learning Tools.Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-3429.2001.tb00108.x/pdf Christou, Ioannis T., Thanassis Tiropanis, Sofia Tsekeridou, and Konstantinos Roussos. Grid-based Interactive Virtual Scientific Experiments for Distributed Virtual Communities.International Journal of Continuing Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning20.6 (2010):Retrieved from http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/265273/1/LGH-book-chapter.pdf KET Virtual Physics Labs.KET Virtual Physics Labs Blog Posts RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2014.Retrieved from http://virtuallabs.ket.org/physics/ Lizard Evolution Virtual Lab | HHMIs BioInteractive.HHMI.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. Retrieved from http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/lizard-evolution-virtual-lab